nutritionj.com — Research shows that high intakes of arachidonic acid promote changes in brain that can disturb mood, and omnivorous diets are high in it compared to vegetarian diets. In a recent cross-sectional study, omnivores reported significantly worse mood than vegetarians despite higher intakes of EPA and DHA. This study investigated the impact of restricting meat, fish, and poultry on mood.   39 omnivores were randomly assigned tofollowing groups: OMN: a control group consuming meat, fish, and poultry daily; FISH: a group consuming fish 3-4 times weekly but avoiding meat and poultry; VEG: or a vegetarian group avoiding meat, fish, and poultry. At baseline and after two weeks, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States questionnaire and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales. Several mood scores for VEG participants improved significantly after two weeks.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov — A 25% discount on fruits and vegetables was effective in stimulating purchases of those products and did neither lead to higher expenditures in unhealthier food categories nor to higher total calories purchased.   A randomized controlled trial with two research conditions was conducted: a control condition with regular prices (n = 52) and an experimental condition with a 25% discount on fruits and vegetables (n = 63). The experiment was carried out using a three-dimensional web-based supermarket, which is a software application in the image of a real supermarket. Data were collected in 2010 in the Netherlands. Participants received a fixed budget and were asked to buy weekly household groceries at the web-based supermarket. Differences in fruit and vegetable purchases, differences in expenditures in other food categories and differences in total calories were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and multiple linear regression models accounting for potential effect modifiers and confounders.   Waterlander WE, Steenhuis IH, de Boer MR, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC   Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Feb 8;9(1):11

tandfonline.com — Approximately 200 studies that examined the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and cancers of the lung, colon, breast, cervix, esophagus, oral cavity, stomach, bladder, pancreas, and ovary are reviewed. A statistically significant protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption was found in 128 of 156 dietary studies in which results were expressed in terms of relative risk.   For most cancer sites, persons with low fruit and vegetable intake (at least the lower one‐fourth of the population) experience about twice the risk of cancer compared with those with high intake, even after control for potentially confounding factors. For lung cancer, significant protection was found in 24 of 25 studies after control for smoking in most instances. Fruits, in particular, were significantly protective in cancers of the esophagus, oral cavity, and larynx, for which 28 of 29 studies were significant.   Strong evidence of a protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption was seen in cancers of the pancreas and stomach (26 of 30 studies), as well as in colorectal and bladder cancers (23 of 38 studies). For cancers of the cervix, ovary, and endometrium, a significant protective effect was shown in 11 of 13 studies, and for breast cancer a protective effect was found to be strong and consistent in a meta analysis.   It would appear that major public health benefits could be achieved by substantially increasing consumption of these foods.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov — The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency and severity of dental erosions and its association with nutritional and oral hygiene factors in subjects living on a raw food diet. As part of a larger dietary study 130 subjects whose ingestion of raw food was more than 95% of the total food intake were examined. The median duration of the diet was 39 (minimum 17, maximum 418) months. Before the clinical examination, the participants answered questionnaires and recorded their food intake during a 7-day period. Dental erosions were registered using study models. As a control 76 sex- and age-matched patients from our clinic were randomly selected. The raw food diet records showed the median daily frequency of ingesting citrus fruit to be 4.8 (minimum 0.5, maximum 16.1). The median intake of fruit was 62% (minimum 25%, maximum 96%) of the total, corresponding to an average consumption of 9.5 kg of fruit (minimum 1.5, maximum 23.7) per week. Compared to the control group subjects living on a raw food diet had significantly (p</=0.001) more dental erosions. Only 2.3% of the raw food group (13.2% of the controls) had no erosive defects, whereas 37.2% had at least one tooth with a moderate erosion (55.2% of the controls) and 60.5% had at least one tooth with a severe erosion (31.6% of the controls). Within the raw food group no significant correlation was found between nutrition or oral health data and the prevalence of erosions. Nevertheless, the results showed that a raw food diet bears an increased risk of dental erosion compared to conventional nutrition.

scienceblogs.com — In most texts and sources that I've read, the germ theory of disease is stated something like, "Many diseases are caused by microorganisms." We could argue whether viruses count as microorganisms, but for purposes of the germ theory they do. (Most biologists do not consider viruses to be true living organisms, because they consist of nothing more than genetic material wrapped in a protein coat and lack the ability to reproduce without infecting the cell of an organism.) Now, let's take a look at the latest germ theory denialist idiocy I've come across. The first one, not surprisingly, I found on NaturalNews.com. Surprisingly, it was not written by Mike Adams, but rather by someone named Paul Fassa, who proclaims You have been lied to about germs. It should have been called "You are about to be lied to about germs." First, though, since this article wasn't by the usual science-hating loon Mike Adams, I was curious just who Paul Fassa is. I had never heard of him before. It didn't take long to find Fassa's Twitter account and then from there his blog Health Maven, which bills itself as an "escape from the medical mafia matrix." Interesting. Why does it appear that any time I come across a germ theory denialist like Fassa, he's someone who uses terms like "medical mafia matrix"? I don't know, but such people also tend to write introductory paragraphs like this: We have been taught to fear germs, pathogens, viruses, and bacteria that invade us from out there. This is the Pasteur model of disease contagion. This creates a dependency on Big Pharma to protect us from invading microbes, each having one form (monomorphic) and creating one specific disease. Pasteur`s model of disease won over rival Claude Bernard`s more accurate argument of the inner terrain. Pasteur`s declaration, though serving the coffers of Big Pharma, creates more questions: How come some get a disease that`s going around and others don`t? How do all these new bugs come out of nowhere to haunt us? Why do vaccines and antibiotics ultimately fail and create super bugs? These questions are answered by understanding the inner terrain and pleomorphism. Note how Fassa first misrepresents the Pasteur model of disease. This is common among germ theory denialists, in my experience. They tend to assume that germ theory states that pathogenic microbes are 100% infectious and always cause disease. Consequently, when people are exposed to pathogenic microbes and don't become ill, people like Fassa point to that as evidence that germ theory is invalid. After all, the germ didn't cause disease, at least in this one case! That must mean that all of germ theory is wrong! Concrete thinking, thy name is Fassa (and other germ theory denialists.) It's rather odd that even most teenagers can understand that catching an infectious disease is dependent not just on the microbe but each person's resistance to that microbe. This is the same thing that mystifies HIV/AIDS denialists, who seem to view the observation that most exposures to HIV do not result in AIDS as some sort of devastating indictment of the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS. Add to that a long asymptomatic period and highly variable rates of progression, and HIV/AIDS denialists, who are--let's face it--really nothing more than a subtype of germ theory denialists who deny vehemently that one particular germ causes disease have all the doubt they need. But I digress. Also notice Fassa's early and immediate invocation of the pharma shill gambit. If there's another thing about germ theory denialism, it's that those who cling to it tend to be extremely distrustful of big pharma. I realize that in many cases big pharma deserves a lot of mistrust; its record in many areas demands it. What distinguishes many of these germ theory denialists is that they take healthy skepticism and take it to a pathological extreme. They also seem to think that the reason that antibiotics ultimately fail is because germ theory is invalid, which reveals an incredible ignorance of how antibiotics work. Helloooo! Evolution? Ever heard of it? Bacteria are incredibly good at evolving under the selective pressure of antibiotics. That's what creates superbugs, that and our tendency to overuse antibiotics. But what is the "inner terrain" and pleomorphism? This is where we find the "intellectual" basis of rejection of germ theory. As is the case with many alt-med beliefs, this basis harkens back to "ancient" knowledge (or at least 150 year old knowledge). It harkens back to Antoine Béchamp, who did indeed postulate nearly the exact opposite of what Pasteur did: that microorganisms were not the cause of disease but rather the consequence of disease, that injured or diseased tissues produced them and that it was the health of the organism that mattered, not the microorganisms. Basically, Béchamp's idea, known as the pleomorphic theory of disease, stated that bacteria change form (i.e., demonstrate pleomorphism) in response to disease, not as a cause of disease. In other words, they arise from tissues during disease states; they do not invade from the external world. Béchamp further proposed that bacteria arose from structures that he called microzymas, which to him referred to a class of enzymes. Béchamp postulated that microzymas are normally present in tissues and that their effects depended upon the cellular terrain. Ultimately, Pasteur's theory won out over that of Béchamp, based on evidence, but Béchamp was influential at the time. Given the science and technology of the time, Béchamp's hypothesis was not entirely unreasonable. It was, however, superseded by Pasteur's germ theory of disease and Koch's later work that resulted in Koch's postulates. What needs to be remembered is that not only did Béchamp's hypothesis fail to be confirmed by scientific evidence, but his idea lacked the explanatory and predictive power of Pasteur's theory. Fassa is sort of correct about one thing, though. Béchamp's idea was basically something like this: The inner terrain includes our immune system, organ tissues, and blood cells. Those who stepped out of line from Pasteur`s dogma asserted that the inner terrain was more vital for remaining disease free than searching for new antibiotics and vaccines to kill bacteria and viruses. As an analogy, flies don`t create garbage. But garbage attracts flies that breed maggots to create even more flies. Removing garbage is more effective than spraying toxic chemicals, which endanger human and animal life, around the house. Similarly, adding toxins to humans is not as effective as cleaning out the inner terrain. As I said, there's a grain of truth there, namely that the condition of the body and a person's immune system does matter. Specifically, it is true that the condition of the "terrain" (the body) does matter when it comes to infectious disease. Debilitated people do not resist the invasion of microorganisms as well as strong, healthy people. Of course, another thing to remember is that the "terrain" can facilitate the harmful effect of microorganisms in unexpected ways. For example, certain strains of the flu (as in 1918 and H1N1) are more virulent in the young because the young mount a more vigorous immune response. However, latter day Béchamp worshipers fetishize this idea to the point of claiming that the "inner terrain" is all that matters and that bacteria and viruses are manifestations, not causes, of disease. It goes beyond that, though. According to Béchamp, it's said: Blood is alive. It is not a liquid, but a mobile tissue (Béchamp was the first to describe blood thus). The things in our blood are alive. And one thing modern medicine does not accept is that something like a bacterium can change into a yeast that can turn into a fungus that can turn into a mold. We've talked about this in previous newsletters; it is called pleomorphism. Pleo meaning many and morph meaning form or body. This is, of course, complete nonsense. Bacteria cannot change into yeast or vice-versa, while yeasts are organisms in the kingdom Fungi. Dimorphic fungi can exist as a mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast, but this fact does not invalidate the germ theory of disease. Indeed, some of these fungi are pathogens, such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Sporothrix schenckii. The misunderstanding of microbiology required to accept the rejection of germ theory in favor of Béchamp's ideas is staggering. Yet they remain very influential. Not among scientists, of course. Science moved on a long time ago. Rather, they remain influential among cranks. By Orac

www8.nationalacademies.org —  African Fruits Could Help Alleviate Hunger and Bolster Rural Development, Environmental Stability in Africa   WASHINGTON -- Africa's own fruits are a largely untapped resource that could combat malnutrition and boost environmental stability and rural development in Africa, says a new report from the National Research Council.  African science institutes, policymakers, nongovernmental organizations, and individuals could all use modern horticultural knowledge and scientific research to bring these "lost crops" -- such as baobab, marula, and butterfruit -- to their full potential, said the panel that issued the report.    Today, tropical fruit production in Africa is dominated by species introduced from Asia and the Americas, such as bananas, pineapples, and papayas.  Because these and other crops arrived on the continent centuries ago already improved through horticultural selection and breeding, they increasingly displaced the traditional species that had fed Africans for thousands of years.  The imported species also received the support of colonial powers who wanted familiar crops that were profitable to grow, and indigenous fruits continued their downward spiral of dwindling cultivation and knowledge.    With renewed scientific and institutional support, however, Africa's native fruits could make a much greater contribution to nutrition and economic development, the new report says.  Fruit trees and shrubs also offer long-term benefits by improving the stability of the environment.   The report highlights 24 fruits that hold special promise; some are already being cultivated in parts of Africa, while others are harvested from the wild.  Examples are:   Aizen.  Giving more people access to this wild fruit -- which grows in extreme climates with few other food resources -- could reduce malnutrition and mortality, the report says.  The fruits are a good source of vitamins A and C, calcium, and some minerals, while the seeds are high in protein and zinc.  This large, resilient Saharan shrub shows promise as a way to protect erodible slopes, stabilize dunes, and create windbreaks.    Balanites.  This small desert tree tolerates heat and aridity so well it thrives deep in the Sahara.  It produces heavy yields of datelike fruits, as well as kernels that are one-half oil and one-third protein -- similar to the makeup of soybeans and sesame seeds.  These fruits and kernels already feed families in arid zones where few other food crops exist, but their full potential is scarcely tapped.  The seeds supply a food-grade vegetable oil also used in local cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.  The trees stabilize the natural environment, helping dry areas resist desertification.   Baobab.  The fruits of the baobab tree contain a sticky pulp that can be dried into a nutritious powder high in protein, vitamins, and minerals.  The powder is stirred into warm water or milk to create a healthy drink, and also beaten and dried into thin pancakes for use months or even years later, aiding food security.  During the rainy season, villagers often store water in the tree's trunk for later use.  The sale of baobab fruits aids rural commerce, and the trees themselves -- which also yield a popular leafy vegetable -- are almost indestructible.   Butterfruit.  This small tree produces fruit that is mainly used as a vegetable.  High in calories and one of the best protein sources in the fruit world, butterfruit is especially promising for reducing child malnutrition.  Even now, these fruits help many communities survive seasonal food shortages in the harshest hot, humid lowlands.  Butterfruit also serves as a cash crop, pouring into cities and rural markets in large quantities.  And the trees, which yield mahoganylike wood, may have potential for plantation forestry.     Ebony.  The ebonies of Africa yield some of the world's finest timber and also bear abundant, bright red fruits that are succulent and sweet. These can be dried for use when seasonal foods become scarce. The seeds of some ebonies are also edible, and the leaves are used as animal feed.  Though the trees are known and valued on a local level, hardly anything scientific is known about managing them as food crops.   Marula.  This tree is a nutritional powerhouse, producing both fruits high in vitamin C and nuts similar to the macademia, high in protein and minerals.  The fruits are popular in markets and even exported, while the kernels contribute to nutrition and food security.  In addition, oils extracted from the nuts are also exported for high-priced skin care products.  Harvesting the fruits and shelling the nuts provide work for thousands of rural women who have hardly any other source of income.     Tamarind.  These fruits are a strong source of B vitamins and calcium, and can be stored for months without refrigeration.  In addition, tamarind's sweet-sour pulp can be preserved in the form of sun-dried cakes -- a simple procedure that perhaps millions throughout Africa could exploit for food security, the report says.  Already widespread, the trees have great promise for restoring damaged lands to health and productivity, and likely for sequestering carbon, since they are treasured and seldom cut down.

ds9.botanik.uni-bonn.de —  ROOT APEX – THE ANTERIOR POLE OF PLANT BODY Root Apices represent the Anterior Pole: Specialized for uptake of nutrients and for neuronal activities. Importantly, new roots are formed endogenously (recapitulation of embryogenesis). Shoot Apices represent the Posterior Pole: Specialized for photosynthesis (which is dispensable in holoparasitic plants like Rafflesia) and for sexual reproduction. The flower is the perfect form of the shoot. Shoots harbor plant organs of excretion, trichomes and hydathodes. Moreover, stomata allow gas exchange. Similarly as sexual organs, also organs of plant excretion and stomata are located at the posterior part of the plant body. Even more, hydathodes seem to function in analogy to kidney (Pilot et al. 2004, Plant Cell 16: 1827-1840). Roots are essential whereas shoots are dispensable: In holoparasitic plants, such as Rafflesia, roots are transformed into haustoria while the green part of the plant is missing completely. Nevertheless, haustoria of Rafflesia form the largest flowers in the plant kingdom which reveals that this unique organism really belongs to plants. AUXIN – PLANT NEUROTRANSMITTER Auxin: Represents a plant-specific neurotransmitter and is transported, in a light- and gravity-dependent manner, preferentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the plant body. Auxin induces the formation of both vascular strands (plant nerves) and roots (which harbour the “serial plant brain”). Roots and Auxin: Root apices represent major sinks for the polar auxin transport. Root apices are extremely sensitive towards externally applied auxin, and lateral root formation is induced by this means. Moreover, auxin rapidly regulates vesicle trafficking and gene expression in roots. Initiation of lateral root primordia is an endogenous process resembling early embryogenesis. In contrast, new shoots and leaves are formed exogenously. CELLULAR END-POLES – PLANT SYNAPSES Plant Synapses: Stable actin-supported adhesive domains (known as end-poles or cross-walls) between adjacent plant cells across which auxin and other chemical signals are transported via actin-based vesicular trafficking pathways. Besides these developmental plant synapses, plants are also capable of forming cell-to-cell junctions with cells of another organisms (plants – fungi – bacteria) corresponding to what is defined as an ‘immunological synapse’. These specialized cell-to-cell adhesion domains involve the plasma membranes of two different organisms opposing each other. Such adhesive domains are also sites of active cell-to-cell transport of molecules and metabolites. VASCULAR STRANDS – PLANT NERVES Vascular Strands: The basic units of the vascular system represent both plant nerves as well as a plant endoskeleton. Leaves contain single strands which combine to form the vascular bundles of the stem, and the vascular cylinder of the root. In roots, the largest portion of the organ is the vascular tissue, and its strands (plant nerves) are supported by numerous cells forming the vascular cylinder. Phloem: Supracellular axon-like ‘channel' interconnecting shoot and root apices. Phloem is specialized for transmission of action-potential-driven electric signals. Axon-like means that it is specialized for the rapid transfer of RNA molecules but does not accomplish ribosome assembly and mRNA translation. Xylem: Non-living and water-filled tubes specialized for transmission of hydraulic signals which are self-transmitting waves induced and driven by changes in hydrostatic pressure. ROOT APICES INTERCONNECTED VIA VASCULAR CYLINDERS – SERIAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PLANT Plant Brain: Each root apex harbours a unit of nervous system of plants. The number of root apices in the plant body is high and all brain-units are interconnected via vascular strands (plant nerves) with their polarly-transported auxin (plant neurotransmitter), to form a serial (parallel) nervous system of plants. The computational and informational capacity of this nervous system based on interconnected parallel units is predicted to be higher than that of the diffuse nervous system of lower animals, or the central nervous system of higher animals/humans.

5e.plantphys.net —  A Companion to Plant Physiology, Fifth Edition by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger Topics 1. Plant Cells Topic 1.1, Model Organisms Topic 1.2, The Plant Kingdom Topic 1.3, Flower Structure and the Angiosperm Life Cycle Topic 1.4, Plant Tissue Systems: Dermal, Ground, and Vascular Topic 1.5, The Structures of Chloroplast Glycosylglycerides Topic 1.6, A Model for the Structure of Nuclear Pores Topic 1.7, The Proteins Involved in Nuclear Import and Export Topic 1.8, Protein Signals Used to Sort Proteins to their Destinations Topic 1.9, SNAREs, Rabs, and Coat Proteins Mediate Vesicle Formation, Fission, and Fusion Topic 1.10, ER Exit Sites (ERES) and Golgi Bodies Are Interconnected Topic 1.11, Specialized Vacuoles in Plant Cells Topic 1.12, Actin-Binding Proteins Regulate Microfilament Growth Topic 1.13, Kinesins Are Associated with Other Microtubules and Chromatin Topic 1.14, Chapter One References 2. Genome Organization and Gene Expression Topic 2.1, Recombination Mapping and Gene Cloning Topic 2.2, Transposon Tagging 3. Water and Plant Cells Topic 3.1, Calculating Capillary Rise Topic 3.2, Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion Topic 3.3, Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential Topic 3.4, Temperature and Water Potential Topic 3.5, Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells? Topic 3.6, Measuring Water Potential Topic 3.7, The Matric Potential Topic 3.8, Wilting and Plasmolysis Topic 3.9, Understanding Hydraulic Conductivity Topic 3.10, Chapter Three References 4. Water Balance of Plants Topic 4.1, Irrigation Topic 4.2, Physical Properties of Soils Topic 4.3, Calculating Velocities of Water Movement in the Xylem and in Living Cells Topic 4.4, Leaf Transpiration and Water Vapor Gradients Topic 4.5, Chapter Four References 5. Mineral Nutrition Topic 5.1, Symptoms of Deficiency in Essential Minerals - Wade Berry, UCLA Topic 5.2, Observing Roots below Ground Topic 5.3, Chapter Five References 6. Solute Transport Topic 6.1, Relating the Membrane Potential to the Distribution of Several Ions across the Membrane: The Goldman Equation Topic 6.2, Patch Clamp Studies in Plant Cells Topic 6.3, Chemiosmosis in Action Topic 6.4, Kinetic Analysis of Multiple Transporter Systems Topic 6.5, ABC Transporters in Plants Topic 6.6, Transport Studies with Isolated Vacuoles and Membrane Vesicles Topic 6.7, Chapter Six References 7. Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions Topic 7.1, Principles of Spectrophotometry Topic 7.2, The Distribution of Chlorophylls and Other Photosynthetic Pigments Topic 7.3, Quantum Yield Topic 7.4, Antagonistic Effects of Light on Cytochrome Oxidation Topic 7.5, Structures of Two Bacterial Reaction Centers Topic 7.6, Midpoint Potentials and Redox Reactions Topic 7.7, Oxygen Evolution Topic 7.8, Photosystem I Topic 7.9, ATP Synthase Topic 7.10, Mode of Action of Some Herbicides Topic 7.11, Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Topic 7.12, Chapter Seven References 8. Photosynthesis: The Carbon Reactions Topic 8.1, CO2 Pumps Topic 8.2, How the Calvin–Benson Cycle Was Elucidated Topic 8.3, Rubisco: A Model Enzyme for Studying Structure and Function Topic 8.4, Energy Demands for Photosynthesis in Land Plants Topic 8.5, Rubisco Activase Topic 8.6, Thioredoxins Topic 8.7, Operation of the C2 Oxidative Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle Topic 8.8, Carbon Dioxide: Some Important Physicochemical Properties Topic 8.9, Three Variations of C4 Metabolism Topic 8.10, Single-Cell C4 Photosynthesis Topic 8.11, Photorespiration in CAM plants Topic 8.12, Glossary of Carbohydrate Biochemistry Topic 8.13, Starch Architecture Topic 8.14, Fructans Topic 8.15, Chloroplast Phosphate Translocators Topic 8.16, Chapter Eight References 9. Photosynthesis: Physiological and Ecological Considerations Topic 9.1, Working with Light Topic 9.2, Heat Dissipation from Leaves: The Bowen Ratio Topic 9.3, The Geographic Distributions of C3 and C4 Plants Topic 9.4, Calculating Important Parameters in Leaf Gas Exchange Topic 9.5, Prehistoric Changes in Atmospheric CO2 Topic 9.6, Projected Future Increases in Atmospheric CO2 Topic 9.7, Using Carbon Isotopes to Detect Adulteration in Foods Topic 9.8, Reconstruction of the Expansion of C4 Taxa Topic 9.9, Chapter Nine References 10. Translocation in the Phloem Topic 10.1, Sieve Elements as the Transport Cells between Sources and Sinks - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.2, An Additional Mechanism for Blocking Wounded Sieve Elements in the Legume Family - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.3, Sampling Phloem Sap - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.4, Nitrogen Transport in the Phloem - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.5, Monitoring Traffic on the Sugar Freeway: Sugar Transport Rates in the Phloem - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.6, Alternative Views of Pressure Gradient in Sieve Elements: Large or Small Gradients? - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.7, Experiments on Phloem Loading - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.8, Experiments on Phloem Unloading - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.9, Allocation in Source Leaves: The Balance between Starch and Sucrose Synthesis - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.10, Partitioning: The Role of Sucrose-Metabolizing Enzymes in Sinks Topic 10.11, Possible Mechanisms Linking Sink Demand and Photosynthetic Rate in Starch Storers - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Topic 10.12, Proteins and RNAs: Signal Molecules in the Phloem Topic 10.13, Chapter Ten References - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati 11. Respiration and Lipid Metabolism Topic 11.1, Isolation of Mitochondria - Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark; Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden Topic 11.2, The Q-Cycle Explains How Complex III Pumps Protons across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark Topic 11.3, Multiple Energy Conservation Bypasses in Oxidative Phosphorylation of Plant Mitochondria - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark Topic 11.4, FoF1-ATP Synthases: The World′s Smallest Rotary Motors - Lincoln Taiz, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA Topic 11.5, Transport Into and Out of Plant Mitochondria - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark Topic 11.6, The Genetic System in Plant Mitochondria Has Several Special Features - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark Topic 11.7, Does Respiration Reduce Crop Yields? - James N. Siedow, Duke University, North Carolina, USA; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark; Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden Topic 11.8, The Lipid Composition of Membranes Affects the Cell Biology and Physiology of Plants - John Browse, Washington State University Topic 11.9, Utilization of Oil Reserves in Cotyledons - John Browse, Washington State University Topic 11.10, Chapter 11 References 12. Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients Topic 12.1, Development of a Root Nodule Topic 12.2, Measurement of Nitrogen Fixation Topic 12.3, The Synthesis of Methionine Topic 12.4, Oxygenases Topic 12.5, Chapter Twelve References 13. Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defense Topic 13.1, Cutin, Waxes, and Suberin Topic 13.2, Structure of Various Triterpenes Topic 13.3, The Shikimic Acid Pathway Topic 13.4, Detailed Chemical Structure of a Portion of a Lignin Molecule Topic 13.5, Chapter Thirteen References 15. Cell Walls: Structure, Biogenesis, and Expansion Topic 15.1, Plant Cell Walls Play a Major Role in Carbon Flow through Ecosystems Topic 15.2, Terminology for Polysaccharide Chemistry Topic 15.3, Molecular Model for the Synthesis of Cellulose and Other Wall Polysaccharides That Consist of a Disaccharide Repeat Topic 15.4, Matrix Components of the Cell Wall Topic 15.5, The Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls: Studies With Nitella Topic 15.6, Wall Degradation and Plant Defense Topic 15.7, Structure of Biologically Active Oligosaccharins Topic 15.8, Glucanases and Other Hydrolytic Enzymes May Modify the Matrix Topic 15.9, Chapter Fifteen References 16. Growth and Development Topic 16.1, Embryonic Dormancy Topic 16.2, Rice Embryogenesis Topic 16.3, Polarity of Fucus Zygotes Topic 16.4, Azolla Root Development Topic 16.5, Class III HD-Zip Transcription Factors Promote Adaxial Development through a microRNA-Sensitive Mechanism Topic 16.6, During Senescence Photoactive Chlorophyllide Is Converted into a Colorless Chlorophyll Catabolite Topic 16.7, Chapter Sixteen References 17. Phytochrome and Light Control of Plant Development Topic 17.1, Mougeotia: A Chloroplast with a Twist Topic 17.2, Phytochrome and High-Irradiance Responses Topic 17.3, The Origins of Phytochrome as a Bacterial Two-Component Receptor Topic 17.4, Profiling Gene Expression in Plants Topic 17.5, Two-Hybrid Screens and Co-immunoprecipitation Topic 17.6, Phytochrome Effects on Ion Fluxes Topic 17.7, Microarray Analysis of Shade Avoidance Topic 17.8, Chapter Seventeen References 18. Blue-Light Responses: Morphogenesis and Stomatal Movements Topic 18.1, Blue-Light Sensing and Light Gradients Topic 18.2, Guard Cell Osmoregulation and a Blue Light-Activated Metabolic Switch Topic 18.3, The Coleoptile Chloroplast Topic 18.4, Phytochrome-Mediated Responses in Stomata Topic 18.5, Chapter Eighteen References 20. Gibberellins: Regulators of Plant Height and Seed Germination Topic 20.1, Structures of Some Important Gibberellins and Their Precursors, Derivatives, and Inhibitors of Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA Topic 20.2, Commercial Uses of Gibberellins - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Topic 20.3, Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Topic 20.4, Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry of Gibberellins - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Topic 20.5, Environmental Control of Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Topic 20.6, Auxin Can Regulate Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Jocelyn A. Ozga and Dennis M. Reinecke, Plant BioSystems Group, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 Topic 20.7, Negative Regulators of GA Response - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Topic 20.8, Effects of GAs on Flowering - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA Topic 20.9, DELLA Proteins as Integrators of Multiple Signals - Stephen G. Thomas, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom Topic 20.10, Chapter Twenty References 21. Cytokinins: Regulators of Cell Division Topic 21.1, Cultured Cells Can Acquire the Ability to Synthesize Cytokinins Topic 21.2, Structures of Some Naturally Occurring Cytokinins Topic 21.3, Various Methods Are Used to Detect and Identify Cytokinins Topic 21.4, The Biologically Active Form of Cytokinin Is the Free Base Topic 21.5, Cytokinins Are Also Present in Some tRNAs in Animal and Plant Cells Topic 21.6, The Structures of Opines Topic 21.7, The Ti Plasmid and Plant Genetic Engineering Topic 21.8, Phylogenetic Tree of IPT genes Topic 21.9, A Root-Derived Hormone, Strigolactone, Is Involved in the Suppression of Branching in Shoots Topic 21.10, Cytokinin Can Promote Light-Mediated Development Topic 21.11, Cytokinins Promote Cell Expansion and Greening in Cotyledons Topic 21.12, Cytokinins Interact with Elements of the Circadian Clock Topic 21.13, Chapter Twenty-One References 22. Ethylene: The Gaseous Hormone Topic 22.1, Ethylene in the Environment Arises Biotically and Abiotically Topic 22.2, Ethylene Readily Undergoes Oxidation Topic 22.3, Ethylene Can Be Measured by Gas Chromatography Topic 22.4, Cloning of the Gene That Encodes ACC Synthase Topic 22.5, Cloning of the Gene That Encodes ACC Oxidase Topic 22.6, Ethylene Binding to ETR1 and Seedling Response to Ethylene Topic 22.7, Conservation of Ethylene Signaling Components in Other Plant Species Topic 22.8, ACC Synthase Gene Expression and Biotechnology Topic 22.9, The hookless Mutation Alters the Pattern of Auxin Gene Expression Topic 22.10, Ethylene Inhibits the Formation of Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules in Legumes Topic 22.11, Ethylene Biosynthesis Can Be Blocked with Anti-Sense DNA Topic 22.12, Abscission and the Dawn of Agriculture Topic 22.13, Specific Inhibitors of Ethylene Biosynthesis Are Used Commercially to Preserve Cut Flowers Topic 22.14, Chapter Twenty-Two References 23. Abscisic Acid: A Seed Maturation and Stress-Response Hormone Topic 23.1, The Structure Of Lunularic Acid from Liverworts Topic 23.2, ABA May Be an Ancient Stress Signal Topic 23.3, Structural Requirements for Biological Activity of Abscisic Acid Topic 23.4, The Bioassay of ABA Topic 23.5, Evidence for Both Extracellular and Intracellular ABA Receptors Topic 23.6, The Existence of G Protein-Coupled ABA Receptors Is Still Unresolved Topic 23.7, The Yeast Two-Hybrid System Topic 23.8, Yellow Cameleon: A Noninvasive Tool for Measuring Intracellular Calcium Topic 23.9, Phosphatidic Acid May Stimulate Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Production Topic 23.10, The ABA Signal Transduction Pathway Includes Several Protein Kinases Topic 23.11, The ERA1 and ABH Genes Code for Negative Regulators of the The ABA Response Topic 23.12, Promoter Elements That Regulate ABA Induction of Gene Expression Topic 23.13, Regulatory Proteins Implicated in ABA-Stimulated Gene Transcription Topic 23.14, ABA Gene Expression Can Also Be Regulated by mRNA Processing and Stability Topic 23.15, ABA May Play a Role in Plant Pathogen Responses Topic 23.16, Proteins Required for Desiccation Tolerance Topic 23.17, The Types of Coat-Imposed Seed Dormancy Topic 23.18, Types of Seed Dormancy and the Roles of Environmental Factors Topic 23.19, The Longevity of Seeds Topic 23.20, Genetic Mapping Of Dormancy: Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Scoring of Vegetative Dormancy Combined with a Candidate Gene Approach Topic 23.21, ABA-Induced Senescence and Ethylene Topic 23.22, Chapter Twenty-Three References 25. The Control of Flowering Topic 25.1, Contrasting the Characteristics of Juvenile and Adult Phases of English Ivy (Hedera helix) and Maize (Zea mays) Topic 25.2, Regulation of Juvenility by the TEOPOD (TP) Genes in Maize Topic 25.3, Flowering of Juvenile Meristems Grafted to Adult Plants Topic 25.4, Characteristics of the Phase-Shifting Response in Circadian Rhythms Topic 25.5, Support for the Role of Blue-Light Regulation of Circadian Rhythms Topic 25.6, Genes That Control Flowering Time Topic 25.7, Regulation of Flowering in Canterbury Bells by Both Photoperiod and Vernalization Topic 25.8, The Self-Propagating Nature of the Floral Stimulus Topic 25.9, Examples of Floral Induction by Gibberellins in Plants with Different Environmental Requirements for Flowering Topic 25.10, The Effects of Two Different Gibberellins on Flowering (Spike Length) and Elongation (Stem Length) Topic 25.11, The Contrasting Effects of Phytochromes A and B on Flowering Topic 25.12, A Gene That Regulates the Floral Stimulus in Maize Topic 25.13, Chapter Twenty-Five References 26. Responses and Adaptations to Abiotic Stress Topic 26.1, Stomatal Conductance and Yields of Irrigated Crops Topic 26.2, Membrane Lipids and Low Temperatures Topic 26.3, Ice Formation in Higher-Plant Cells Topic 26.4, Water-Deficit-Regulated ABA Signaling and Stomatal Closure Topic 26.5, Genetic and Physiological Adaptations Required for Zinc Hyperaccumulation Topic 26.6, Cellular and Whole Plant Responses to Salinity Stress Topic 26.7, Signaling during Cold Acclimation Regulates Genes That Are Expressed in Response to Low Temperature and Enhances Freezing Tolerance Topic 26.8, Chapter Twenty-Six References

ajcn.org — We combined data from 5 prospective studies to compare the death rates from common diseases of vegetarians with those of nonvegetarians with similar lifestyles. A summary of these results was reported previously; we report here more details of the findings. Data for 76172 men and women were available. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27808). Death rate ratios at ages 16–89 y were calculated by Poisson regression and all results were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of effect for all studies combined. There were 8330 deaths after a mean of 10.6 y of follow-up. Mortality from ischemic heart disease was 24% lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians (death rate ratio: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.94; P < 0.01). The lower mortality from ischemic heart disease among vegetarians was greater at younger ages and was restricted to those who had followed their current diet for >5 y. Further categorization of diets showed that, in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 20% lower in occasional meat eaters, 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat, 34% lower in lactoovovegetarians, and 26% lower in vegans. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined.

drgreger.org — Michael Greger, M.D., is a physician, author, and internationally recognized professional speaker on a number of important public health issues. Dr. Greger has lectured at the Conference on World Affairs, the National Institutes of Health, and the International Bird Flu Summit, among countless other symposia and institutions, and was invited as an expert witness in defense of Oprah Winfrey at the infamous "meat defamation" trial. Currently Dr. Greger proudly serves as the Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at the Humane Society of the United States. # Fall 2005    * -Ornish Takes on Cancer    * -Peppermint Oil for Irritable Bowel Syndrome    * -Arteries--Open Sesame!    * -Childhood Brain Tumors and Maternal Diet    * -Mad Cow Update    * -Bird Flu Update # Summer 2005    * -Making the Healthiest Food on Earth Even Healthier    * -Treating Springtime Allergies with Spirulina?    * -Figs Fight Fatigue    * -Heart Attacks, Side-Effects, or a Healthy Diet    * -Plant-Based Diets Beneficial in Pregnancy    * -Soy and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis    * -Dairy Diet Myth    * -ATTACK OF THE SUPERBUGS    * Chicken Out of Urinary Tract Infections    * Campylobacter Joins the Resistance    * The Hard-Boiled Truth: Salmonella and Eggs    * Don't Wash Your Meat    * Bacteria or Cancer # Spring 2005    * -Lifestyle Change Slows Breast Cancer Growth Within Days    * -Preventing Prostate Cancer with Guacamole?    * -Preventing Breast Cancer with Lentil Soup?    * -Maternal Seafood Consumption May Damage Child's Heart    * -Antioxidant Status of Vegetarians    * -Mothballs May Kill More Than Moths    * -Not all Fruits and Vegetables are Alike    * -Ovarian Cancer and Dairy # November/December 2004    * -AGEd Meat    * -Vegans Need to Eat More Greens, Beans, and Nuts    * -Raw versus Cooked Vegetables for Cancer Prevention    * -Meat, Cheese, Eggs, and Lymphoma    * -Berries to Prevent Metastases?    * -Cancer-Fighting Cranberries    * -Eggs and Ovarian Cancer # October 2004    * -AtkinsExposed.org    -- my rebuttal to the Atkins Corporation's legal threat # September 2004    * -Full-Fat Salad Dressings Healthier than Fat-Free    * -Prostate Cancer and Milk    * -Reversing Arteriosclerosis with Pomegranate Juice    * -Vegan Children: A Recent Review    * -Vegetarian Athletes: A Recent Review    * -Endometriosis and Diet    * -Live Paratuberculosis Bacteria Found in U.S. Milk # July/August 2004    * -Rocket Fuel in Milk    * -Broccoli and Breast Cancer    * -Antibiotics and Meat    * -Eggs and Death # June 2004    * -Full text of my book on the Atkins Diet # May 2004    * -Mercury Contamination in Fish    * -High Carb Diet for Safe Weight Loss without Hunger?    * -Insulin Sensitivity and Vegetarianism    * -Skim Milk Versus Soy Milk: Head to Head    * -Iron Status of Young Vegan Women # April 2004    * -Milk and Multiple Sclerosis    * -Macular Degeneration: Go Nuts for Your Eyes    * -Cinnamon: Spice Up Your Life # March 2004    * -Bowel Movement Frequency    * -Raw Vegetables More Protective than Cooked?    * -Eggs and Colorectal Cancer Mortality    * -Green Tea May Protect from Prostate Cancer    * -Girls, Fruits & Veggies and Skeletal Development    * -Eat the Peel? Antioxidant Power of Peels and Seeds # February 2004    * -Arsenic in Chicken    * -PCBs in Fish    * -Flax Seeds and the Stress Response    * -Greens May Prevent Colon Cancer # January 2004    * -Cow Cancer Virus    * -Mad Cow Disease # December 2003    * -Fish Consumption and Breast Cancer    * -Enlarged Prostate and Tomato Sauce?    * -Sore throat? Try Gargling with Green Tea    * -Prostate Cancer and Cranberries # November 2003    * -Soy Foods and Bone Health    * -Meat Molecule Builds Up in Human Tumors    * -Got Testicular Cancer? The Dairy Connection    * -Best to Keep Dead Birds Out of Your Kitchen    * -Long-term Multivitamin Use May Lower Colon Cancer Risk    * -Iodine Deficiency Reported in Vegetarians and Vegans    * -Raw versus Cooked: Which is More Natural? # October 2003    * -Biggest Study on Vegetarians in History Finally Published    * -Vegans Should "Consider" DHA Supplementation    * -Low Protein Intake May Also Harm Bones    * -Nuts Will Not Make You Fat # September 2003    * -Vegan Diets Deficient in Three Nutrients?    * Well, Meateaters are Deficient in Seven!    * -Take Some Greens for Your Blues?    * -Green Tea and Breast Cancer    * -Breakfast of (Slim) Champions    * -Animal Fat and Breast Cancer    * -Milk, Greens and Ovarian Cancer Survival    * -Animal Products and Stroke Risk