Topics

1. Plant Cells

• Topic 1.1, Model Organisms
• Topic 1.2, The Plant Kingdom
• Topic 1.3, Flower Structure and the Angiosperm Life Cycle
• Topic 1.4, Plant Tissue Systems: Dermal, Ground, and Vascular
• Topic 1.5, The Structures of Chloroplast Glycosylglycerides
• Topic 1.6, A Model for the Structure of Nuclear Pores
• Topic 1.7, The Proteins Involved in Nuclear Import and Export
• Topic 1.8, Protein Signals Used to Sort Proteins to their Destinations
• Topic 1.9, SNAREs, Rabs, and Coat Proteins Mediate Vesicle Formation, Fission, and Fusion
• Topic 1.10, ER Exit Sites (ERES) and Golgi Bodies Are Interconnected
• Topic 1.11, Specialized Vacuoles in Plant Cells
• Topic 1.12, Actin-Binding Proteins Regulate Microfilament Growth
• Topic 1.13, Kinesins Are Associated with Other Microtubules and Chromatin
• Topic 1.14, Chapter One References

2. Genome Organization and Gene Expression

• Topic 2.1, Recombination Mapping and Gene Cloning
• Topic 2.2, Transposon Tagging

3. Water and Plant Cells

• Topic 3.1, Calculating Capillary Rise
• Topic 3.2, Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion
• Topic 3.3, Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential
• Topic 3.4, Temperature and Water Potential
• Topic 3.5, Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?
• Topic 3.6, Measuring Water Potential
• Topic 3.7, The Matric Potential
• Topic 3.8, Wilting and Plasmolysis
• Topic 3.9, Understanding Hydraulic Conductivity
• Topic 3.10, Chapter Three References

4. Water Balance of Plants

• Topic 4.1, Irrigation
• Topic 4.2, Physical Properties of Soils
• Topic 4.3, Calculating Velocities of Water Movement in the Xylem and in Living Cells
• Topic 4.4, Leaf Transpiration and Water Vapor Gradients
• Topic 4.5, Chapter Four References

5. Mineral Nutrition

• Topic 5.1, Symptoms of Deficiency in Essential Minerals - Wade Berry, UCLA
• Topic 5.2, Observing Roots below Ground
• Topic 5.3, Chapter Five References

6. Solute Transport

• Topic 6.1, Relating the Membrane Potential to the Distribution of Several Ions across the Membrane: The Goldman Equation
• Topic 6.2, Patch Clamp Studies in Plant Cells
• Topic 6.3, Chemiosmosis in Action
• Topic 6.4, Kinetic Analysis of Multiple Transporter Systems
• Topic 6.5, ABC Transporters in Plants
• Topic 6.6, Transport Studies with Isolated Vacuoles and Membrane Vesicles
• Topic 6.7, Chapter Six References

7. Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions

• Topic 7.1, Principles of Spectrophotometry
• Topic 7.2, The Distribution of Chlorophylls and Other Photosynthetic Pigments
• Topic 7.3, Quantum Yield
• Topic 7.4, Antagonistic Effects of Light on Cytochrome Oxidation
• Topic 7.5, Structures of Two Bacterial Reaction Centers
• Topic 7.6, Midpoint Potentials and Redox Reactions
• Topic 7.7, Oxygen Evolution
• Topic 7.8, Photosystem I
• Topic 7.9, ATP Synthase
• Topic 7.10, Mode of Action of Some Herbicides
• Topic 7.11, Chlorophyll Biosynthesis
• Topic 7.12, Chapter Seven References

8. Photosynthesis: The Carbon Reactions

• Topic 8.1, CO₂ Pumps
• Topic 8.2, How the Calvin–Benson Cycle Was Elucidated
• Topic 8.3, Rubisco: A Model Enzyme for Studying Structure and Function
• Topic 8.4, Energy Demands for Photosynthesis in Land Plants
• Topic 8.5, Rubisco Activase
• Topic 8.6, Thioredoxins
• Topic 8.7, Operation of the C₂ Oxidative Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle
• Topic 8.8, Carbon Dioxide: Some Important Physicochemical Properties
• Topic 8.9, Three Variations of C₄ Metabolism
• Topic 8.10, Single-Cell C₄ Photosynthesis
• Topic 8.11, Photorespiration in CAM plants
• Topic 8.12, Glossary of Carbohydrate Biochemistry
• Topic 8.13, Starch Architecture
• Topic 8.14, Fructans
• Topic 8.15, Chloroplast Phosphate Translocators
• Topic 8.16, Chapter Eight References

9. Photosynthesis: Physiological and Ecological Considerations

• Topic 9.1, Working with Light
• Topic 9.2, Heat Dissipation from Leaves: The Bowen Ratio
• Topic 9.3, The Geographic Distributions of C₃ and C₄ Plants
• Topic 9.4, Calculating Important Parameters in Leaf Gas Exchange
• Topic 9.5, Prehistoric Changes in Atmospheric CO₂
• Topic 9.6, Projected Future Increases in Atmospheric CO₂
• Topic 9.7, Using Carbon Isotopes to Detect Adulteration in Foods
• Topic 9.8, Reconstruction of the Expansion of C₄ Taxa
• Topic 9.9, Chapter Nine References

10. Translocation in the Phloem

• Topic 10.1, Sieve Elements as the Transport Cells between Sources and Sinks - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.2, An Additional Mechanism for Blocking Wounded Sieve Elements in the Legume Family - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.3, Sampling Phloem Sap - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.4, Nitrogen Transport in the Phloem - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.5, Monitoring Traffic on the Sugar Freeway: Sugar Transport Rates in the Phloem - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.6, Alternative Views of Pressure Gradient in Sieve Elements: Large or Small Gradients? - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.7, Experiments on Phloem Loading - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.8, Experiments on Phloem Unloading - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.9, Allocation in Source Leaves: The Balance between Starch and Sucrose Synthesis - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.10, Partitioning: The Role of Sucrose-Metabolizing Enzymes in Sinks
• Topic 10.11, Possible Mechanisms Linking Sink Demand and Photosynthetic Rate in Starch Storers - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati
• Topic 10.12, Proteins and RNAs: Signal Molecules in the Phloem
• Topic 10.13, Chapter Ten References - Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati

11. Respiration and Lipid Metabolism

• Topic 11.1, Isolation of Mitochondria - Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark; Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden
• Topic 11.2, The Q-Cycle Explains How Complex III Pumps Protons across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark
• Topic 11.3, Multiple Energy Conservation Bypasses in Oxidative Phosphorylation of Plant Mitochondria - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark
• Topic 11.4, F_oF₁-ATP Synthases: The World′s Smallest Rotary Motors - Lincoln Taiz, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
• Topic 11.5, Transport Into and Out of Plant Mitochondria - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark
• Topic 11.6, The Genetic System in Plant Mitochondria Has Several Special Features - Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark
• Topic 11.7, Does Respiration Reduce Crop Yields? - James N. Siedow, Duke University, North Carolina, USA; Ian M. Møller, Aarhus University, Denmark; Allan G. Rasmusson, Lund University, Sweden
• Topic 11.8, The Lipid Composition of Membranes Affects the Cell Biology and Physiology of Plants - John Browse, Washington State University
• Topic 11.9, Utilization of Oil Reserves in Cotyledons - John Browse, Washington State University
• Topic 11.10, Chapter 11 References

12. Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients

• Topic 12.1, Development of a Root Nodule
• Topic 12.2, Measurement of Nitrogen Fixation
• Topic 12.3, The Synthesis of Methionine
• Topic 12.4, Oxygenases
• Topic 12.5, Chapter Twelve References

13. Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defense

• Topic 13.1, Cutin, Waxes, and Suberin
• Topic 13.2, Structure of Various Triterpenes
• Topic 13.3, The Shikimic Acid Pathway
• Topic 13.4, Detailed Chemical Structure of a Portion of a Lignin Molecule
• Topic 13.5, Chapter Thirteen References

15. Cell Walls: Structure, Biogenesis, and Expansion

• Topic 15.1, Plant Cell Walls Play a Major Role in Carbon Flow through Ecosystems
• Topic 15.2, Terminology for Polysaccharide Chemistry
• Topic 15.3, Molecular Model for the Synthesis of Cellulose and Other Wall Polysaccharides That Consist of a Disaccharide Repeat
• Topic 15.4, Matrix Components of the Cell Wall
• Topic 15.5, The Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls: Studies With Nitella
• Topic 15.6, Wall Degradation and Plant Defense
• Topic 15.7, Structure of Biologically Active Oligosaccharins
• Topic 15.8, Glucanases and Other Hydrolytic Enzymes May Modify the Matrix
• Topic 15.9, Chapter Fifteen References

16. Growth and Development

• Topic 16.1, Embryonic Dormancy
• Topic 16.2, Rice Embryogenesis
• Topic 16.3, Polarity of Fucus Zygotes
• Topic 16.4, Azolla Root Development
• Topic 16.5, Class III HD-Zip Transcription Factors Promote Adaxial Development through a microRNA-Sensitive Mechanism
• Topic 16.6, During Senescence Photoactive Chlorophyllide Is Converted into a Colorless Chlorophyll Catabolite
• Topic 16.7, Chapter Sixteen References

17. Phytochrome and Light Control of Plant Development

• Topic 17.1, Mougeotia: A Chloroplast with a Twist
• Topic 17.2, Phytochrome and High-Irradiance Responses
• Topic 17.3, The Origins of Phytochrome as a Bacterial Two-Component Receptor
• Topic 17.4, Profiling Gene Expression in Plants
• Topic 17.5, Two-Hybrid Screens and Co-immunoprecipitation
• Topic 17.6, Phytochrome Effects on Ion Fluxes
• Topic 17.7, Microarray Analysis of Shade Avoidance
• Topic 17.8, Chapter Seventeen References

18. Blue-Light Responses: Morphogenesis and Stomatal Movements

• Topic 18.1, Blue-Light Sensing and Light Gradients
• Topic 18.2, Guard Cell Osmoregulation and a Blue Light-Activated Metabolic Switch
• Topic 18.3, The Coleoptile Chloroplast
• Topic 18.4, Phytochrome-Mediated Responses in Stomata
• Topic 18.5, Chapter Eighteen References

20. Gibberellins: Regulators of Plant Height and Seed Germination

• Topic 20.1, Structures of Some Important Gibberellins and Their Precursors, Derivatives, and Inhibitors of Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA
• Topic 20.2, Commercial Uses of Gibberellins - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
• Topic 20.3, Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
• Topic 20.4, Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry of Gibberellins - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
• Topic 20.5, Environmental Control of Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
• Topic 20.6, Auxin Can Regulate Gibberellin Biosynthesis - Jocelyn A. Ozga and Dennis M. Reinecke, Plant BioSystems Group, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
• Topic 20.7, Negative Regulators of GA Response - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
• Topic 20.8, Effects of GAs on Flowering - Valerie Sponsel, Biology Department, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
• Topic 20.9, DELLA Proteins as Integrators of Multiple Signals - Stephen G. Thomas, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
• Topic 20.10, Chapter Twenty References

21. Cytokinins: Regulators of Cell Division

• Topic 21.1, Cultured Cells Can Acquire the Ability to Synthesize Cytokinins
• Topic 21.2, Structures of Some Naturally Occurring Cytokinins
• Topic 21.3, Various Methods Are Used to Detect and Identify Cytokinins
• Topic 21.4, The Biologically Active Form of Cytokinin Is the Free Base
• Topic 21.5, Cytokinins Are Also Present in Some tRNAs in Animal and Plant Cells
• Topic 21.6, The Structures of Opines
• Topic 21.7, The Ti Plasmid and Plant Genetic Engineering
• Topic 21.8, Phylogenetic Tree of IPT genes
• Topic 21.9, A Root-Derived Hormone, Strigolactone, Is Involved in the Suppression of Branching in Shoots
• Topic 21.10, Cytokinin Can Promote Light-Mediated Development
• Topic 21.11, Cytokinins Promote Cell Expansion and Greening in Cotyledons
• Topic 21.12, Cytokinins Interact with Elements of the Circadian Clock
• Topic 21.13, Chapter Twenty-One References

22. Ethylene: The Gaseous Hormone

• Topic 22.1, Ethylene in the Environment Arises Biotically and Abiotically
• Topic 22.2, Ethylene Readily Undergoes Oxidation
• Topic 22.3, Ethylene Can Be Measured by Gas Chromatography
• Topic 22.4, Cloning of the Gene That Encodes ACC Synthase
• Topic 22.5, Cloning of the Gene That Encodes ACC Oxidase
• Topic 22.6, Ethylene Binding to ETR1 and Seedling Response to Ethylene
• Topic 22.7, Conservation of Ethylene Signaling Components in Other Plant Species
• Topic 22.8, ACC Synthase Gene Expression and Biotechnology
• Topic 22.9, The hookless Mutation Alters the Pattern of Auxin Gene Expression
• Topic 22.10, Ethylene Inhibits the Formation of Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules in Legumes
• Topic 22.11, Ethylene Biosynthesis Can Be Blocked with Anti-Sense DNA
• Topic 22.12, Abscission and the Dawn of Agriculture
• Topic 22.13, Specific Inhibitors of Ethylene Biosynthesis Are Used Commercially to Preserve Cut Flowers
• Topic 22.14, Chapter Twenty-Two References

23. Abscisic Acid: A Seed Maturation and Stress-Response Hormone

• Topic 23.1, The Structure Of Lunularic Acid from Liverworts
• Topic 23.2, ABA May Be an Ancient Stress Signal
• Topic 23.3, Structural Requirements for Biological Activity of Abscisic Acid
• Topic 23.4, The Bioassay of ABA
• Topic 23.5, Evidence for Both Extracellular and Intracellular ABA Receptors
• Topic 23.6, The Existence of G Protein-Coupled ABA Receptors Is Still Unresolved
• Topic 23.7, The Yeast Two-Hybrid System
• Topic 23.8, Yellow Cameleon: A Noninvasive Tool for Measuring Intracellular Calcium
• Topic 23.9, Phosphatidic Acid May Stimulate Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Production
• Topic 23.10, The ABA Signal Transduction Pathway Includes Several Protein Kinases
• Topic 23.11, The ERA1 and ABH Genes Code for Negative Regulators of the The ABA Response
• Topic 23.12, Promoter Elements That Regulate ABA Induction of Gene Expression
• Topic 23.13, Regulatory Proteins Implicated in ABA-Stimulated Gene Transcription
• Topic 23.14, ABA Gene Expression Can Also Be Regulated by mRNA Processing and Stability
• Topic 23.15, ABA May Play a Role in Plant Pathogen Responses
• Topic 23.16, Proteins Required for Desiccation Tolerance
• Topic 23.17, The Types of Coat-Imposed Seed Dormancy
• Topic 23.18, Types of Seed Dormancy and the Roles of Environmental Factors
• Topic 23.19, The Longevity of Seeds
• Topic 23.20, Genetic Mapping Of Dormancy: Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Scoring of Vegetative Dormancy Combined with a Candidate Gene Approach
• Topic 23.21, ABA-Induced Senescence and Ethylene
• Topic 23.22, Chapter Twenty-Three References

25. The Control of Flowering

• Topic 25.1, Contrasting the Characteristics of Juvenile and Adult Phases of English Ivy (Hedera helix) and Maize (Zea mays)
• Topic 25.2, Regulation of Juvenility by the TEOPOD (TP) Genes in Maize
• Topic 25.3, Flowering of Juvenile Meristems Grafted to Adult Plants
• Topic 25.4, Characteristics of the Phase-Shifting Response in Circadian Rhythms
• Topic 25.5, Support for the Role of Blue-Light Regulation of Circadian Rhythms
• Topic 25.6, Genes That Control Flowering Time
• Topic 25.7, Regulation of Flowering in Canterbury Bells by Both Photoperiod and Vernalization
• Topic 25.8, The Self-Propagating Nature of the Floral Stimulus
• Topic 25.9, Examples of Floral Induction by Gibberellins in Plants with Different Environmental Requirements for Flowering
• Topic 25.10, The Effects of Two Different Gibberellins on Flowering (Spike Length) and Elongation (Stem Length)
• Topic 25.11, The Contrasting Effects of Phytochromes A and B on Flowering
• Topic 25.12, A Gene That Regulates the Floral Stimulus in Maize
• Topic 25.13, Chapter Twenty-Five References

26. Responses and Adaptations to Abiotic Stress

• Topic 26.1, Stomatal Conductance and Yields of Irrigated Crops
• Topic 26.2, Membrane Lipids and Low Temperatures
• Topic 26.3, Ice Formation in Higher-Plant Cells
• Topic 26.4, Water-Deficit-Regulated ABA Signaling and Stomatal Closure
• Topic 26.5, Genetic and Physiological Adaptations Required for Zinc Hyperaccumulation
• Topic 26.6, Cellular and Whole Plant Responses to Salinity Stress
• Topic 26.7, Signaling during Cold Acclimation Regulates Genes That Are Expressed in Response to Low Temperature and Enhances Freezing Tolerance
• Topic 26.8, Chapter Twenty-Six References