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apsnet.org — This article introduces the concept of plant disease and provides an overview of some defense mechanisms common among higher plants. A close examination of plant anatomy is presented, as well as some of the ecological relationships that contribute to plant defense and disease resistance. Special care has been taken to illustrate how products used in everyday life are derived from substances produced by plants during defense responses.
cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org — Consumption of eggs may increase risk of developing a lethal-form of prostate cancer among healthy men. Men who consumed 2.5 or more eggs per week had an 81% increased risk of lethal prostate cancer compared to men who consumed less than 0.5.
Egg, red meat, and poultry intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer in the prostate specific antigen-era: incidence and survival Erin L. Richman, Stacey A. Kenfield, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and June M. Chan
http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/15/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0354.short
hsph.harvard.edu —
Fill half of your plate with vegetables and fruits. The more color, and the more variety on this part of the plate, the better. Potatoes and French fries don't count as vegetables on the Healthy Eating Plate, because they are high in fast-digested starch (carbohydrate), which has the same roller-coaster effect on blood sugar and insulin as white bread and sweets. These surges, in the short term, can lead to hunger and overeating, and in the long term, can lead to weight gain, type 2 diabetes, and other health problems.
Save a quarter of your plate for whole grains—not just any grains: Whole grains—whole wheat, brown rice, and foods made with them, such as whole wheat pasta—have a gentler effect on blood sugar and insulin than white bread, white rice, and other so-called “refined grains.” That’s why the Healthy Eating Plate says to choose whole grains—the less processed, the better—and limit refined grains.
Put a healthy source of protein on one quarter of your plate: Chose fish, chicken, beans or nuts, since these contain beneficial nutrients, such as the heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids in fish, and the fiber in beans. An egg a day is okay for most people, too (people with diabetes should limit their egg intake to three yolks a week, but egg whites are fine). Limit red meat—beef, pork, and lamb—and avoid processed meats—bacon, cold cuts, hot dogs, and the like—since over time, regularly eating even small amounts of these foods raises the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and colon cancer.
Use healthy plant oils. The glass bottle near the Healthy Eating Plate is a reminder to use healthy vegetable oils, like olive, canola, soy, corn, sunflower, peanut, and others, in cooking, on salad, and at the table. Limit butter, and avoid unhealthy trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils.
Drink water, coffee or tea. On the Healthy Eating Plate, complete your meal with a glass of water, or if you like, a cup of tea or coffee (with little or no sugar). (Questions about caffeine and kids? Read more.) Limit milk and dairy products to one to two servings per day, since high intakes are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and possibly ovarian cancer. Limit juice to a small glass per day, since it is as high in sugar as a sugary soda. Skip the sugary drinks, since they provide lots of calories and virtually no other nutrients. And over time, routinely drinking sugary drinks can lead to weight gain, increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, and possibly increase the risk of heart disease.
Stay active. The small red figure running across the Healthy Eating Plate’s placemat is a reminder that staying active is half of the secret to weight control. The other half is eating a healthy diet with modest portions that meet your calorie needs. Read 20 tips for staying active.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov — Studies of fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to overall health are limited. We evaluated the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer and of deaths from other causes in two prospective cohorts.
A total of 71 910 female participants in the Nurses' Health study and 37,725 male participants in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study who were free of major chronic disease completed baseline semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires in 1984 and 1986, respectively. Dietary information was updated in 1986, 1990, and 1994 for women and in 1990 and 1994 for men. Participants were followed up for incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer, or death through May 1998 (women) and January 1998 (men). Multivariable-adjusted relative risks were calculated with Cox proportional hazards analysis.
Total fruit and vegetable intake was inversely associated with risk of cardiovascular disease but not with overall cancer incidence. Of the food groups analyzed, green leafy vegetable intake showed the strongest inverse association with major chronic disease and cardiovascular disease.
Increased fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a modest although not statistically significant reduction in the development of major chronic disease.
Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, Hu FB, Hunter D, Smith-Warner SA, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC.
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
nutritionj.com — Research shows that high intakes of arachidonic acid promote changes in brain that can disturb mood, and omnivorous diets are high in it compared to vegetarian diets. In a recent cross-sectional study, omnivores reported significantly worse mood than vegetarians despite higher intakes of EPA and DHA. This study investigated the impact of restricting meat, fish, and poultry on mood.
39 omnivores were randomly assigned tofollowing groups:
OMN: a control group consuming meat, fish, and poultry daily;
FISH: a group consuming fish 3-4 times weekly but avoiding meat and poultry;
VEG: or a vegetarian group avoiding meat, fish, and poultry.
At baseline and after two weeks, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States questionnaire and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales. Several mood scores for VEG participants improved significantly after two weeks.
sciencedaily.com — ...Berry fruits help the brain stay healthy in several ways. Berry fruits contain high levels of antioxidants, compounds that protect cells from damage by harmful free radicals. The two also report that berry fruits change the way neurons in the brain communicate. These changes in signaling can prevent inflammation in the brain that contribute to neuronal damage and improve both motor control and cognition. They suggest that further research will show whether these benefits are a result of individual compounds shared between berry fruits or whether the unique combinations of chemicals in each berry fruit simply have similar effects.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov — A 25% discount on fruits and vegetables was effective in stimulating purchases of those products and did neither lead to higher expenditures in unhealthier food categories nor to higher total calories purchased.
A randomized controlled trial with two research conditions was conducted: a control condition with regular prices (n = 52) and an experimental condition with a 25% discount on fruits and vegetables (n = 63). The experiment was carried out using a three-dimensional web-based supermarket, which is a software application in the image of a real supermarket. Data were collected in 2010 in the Netherlands. Participants received a fixed budget and were asked to buy weekly household groceries at the web-based supermarket. Differences in fruit and vegetable purchases, differences in expenditures in other food categories and differences in total calories were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and multiple linear regression models accounting for potential effect modifiers and confounders.
Waterlander WE, Steenhuis IH, de Boer MR, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Feb 8;9(1):11
tandfonline.com — Approximately 200 studies that examined the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and cancers of the lung, colon, breast, cervix, esophagus, oral cavity, stomach, bladder, pancreas, and ovary are reviewed. A statistically significant protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption was found in 128 of 156 dietary studies in which results were expressed in terms of relative risk.
For most cancer sites, persons with low fruit and vegetable intake (at least the lower one‐fourth of the population) experience about twice the risk of cancer compared with those with high intake, even after control for potentially confounding factors. For lung cancer, significant protection was found in 24 of 25 studies after control for smoking in most instances. Fruits, in particular, were significantly protective in cancers of the esophagus, oral cavity, and larynx, for which 28 of 29 studies were significant.
Strong evidence of a protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption was seen in cancers of the pancreas and stomach (26 of 30 studies), as well as in colorectal and bladder cancers (23 of 38 studies). For cancers of the cervix, ovary, and endometrium, a significant protective effect was shown in 11 of 13 studies, and for breast cancer a protective effect was found to be strong and consistent in a meta analysis.
It would appear that major public health benefits could be achieved by substantially increasing consumption of these foods.
veganhealth.org — Iodine Status of Vegetarians
Iodine is only found inconsistently in plant foods, depending on the iodine content of the soil. Food grown near the ocean tends to be higher in iodine. Iodine is consistently found in only a few foods such as dairy products (iodine solutions are used to clean the cows' teats and dairy equipment and end up in the milk) and seafood (including seaweed).
In a 2011 cross-sectional study from the Boston area, urinary iodine levels of 78 lacto-ovo vegetarians and 62 vegans were measured. People with previously diagnosed thyroid problems were excluded from the study. According to the authors, "Population iodine sufficiency is defined by median urinary iodine concentrations 100 µg/l or greater in adults and 150 µg/l or greater in pregnancy."
Median urinary iodine concentration of vegans (79 µg/l; range 7 – 965 µg/l) was significantly lower than vegetarians (147 µg/l; range 9 – 779 µg/l).
Markers of thyroid function were similar in both groups and in the normal range; one vegan and no vegetarians had abnormal thyroid function. Most of the vegans were making no effort to insure adequate iodine intake.
Iodine deficiency is not as much of a problem for U.S. vegans as it is for European vegans, whose food supply contains less iodine. Studies have shown that vegans in Europe (where salt is minimally iodized) who do not supplement (as well as those who oversupplement) have indications of abnormal thyroid function.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov — The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency and severity of dental erosions and its association with nutritional and oral hygiene factors in subjects living on a raw food diet.
As part of a larger dietary study 130 subjects whose ingestion of raw food was more than 95% of the total food intake were examined. The median duration of the diet was 39 (minimum 17, maximum 418) months. Before the clinical examination, the participants answered questionnaires and recorded their food intake during a 7-day period. Dental erosions were registered using study models. As a control 76 sex- and age-matched patients from our clinic were randomly selected.
The raw food diet records showed the median daily frequency of ingesting citrus fruit to be 4.8 (minimum 0.5, maximum 16.1). The median intake of fruit was 62% (minimum 25%, maximum 96%) of the total, corresponding to an average consumption of 9.5 kg of fruit (minimum 1.5, maximum 23.7) per week.
Compared to the control group subjects living on a raw food diet had significantly (p</=0.001) more dental erosions. Only 2.3% of the raw food group (13.2% of the controls) had no erosive defects, whereas 37.2% had at least one tooth with a moderate erosion (55.2% of the controls) and 60.5% had at least one tooth with a severe erosion (31.6% of the controls). Within the raw food group no significant correlation was found between nutrition or oral health data and the prevalence of erosions. Nevertheless, the results showed that a raw food diet bears an increased risk of dental erosion compared to conventional nutrition.
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Welcome to the International Fruitarian Network Fruitarians.net - a site about fruitarianism: fruit diet, fruitarian philosophy and lifestyle. You are fruitarian if your diet is based primarily on fresh fruits and seeds (usually 75-100% - 3/4 of the daily caloric intake and up). Let's share our experience and knowledge - unite!
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DescriptionThe subject of this site is fruitarianism - a quest for optimal basic food, presumably fruit, and for the best ethical and maintainable way to live on this planet. The main thing that unite fruitarians of all kinds is that they consider various fresh ripe edible fruits to be such a good food, that they make them to a main element of their diet, usually from 75% of total caloric intake and up. Normally they complement fruits by seeds, but there are many ways to be a fruitarian - for health, environmental and ethical reasons. We want to gather all fruitarians in one place. If you are a fruitarian, please, represent yourself here (it would take only few minutes). We also invite non-fruitarian folks to support the site, especially scientists, doctors and philosophers) who have something significant to say on the subject. Fruitarians.net is an open independent platform: most information is freely reachable for all internet users without any need for registration. We are not selling anything, there is no hidden agenda behind the project, and it is privately funded and maintained by a fruitarian. It is independent from any ideology or religion. This place is for people who are interested in fruitarianism and who find the subject important enough to express their original or thoughtfully adapted ideas and concepts in a courteous manner, and in a nicely organized environment. We make no difference between people of various backgrounds, genders, ethnicity, income, body shapes and looks, age, philosophical positions, religious believes, sexual behaviors, origin, nationality, etc. Important are your friendliness and your bright mind. RulesGeneral Guidelines
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KEYWORDS fruits, fruitarianism, fruit diet, fruits and seeds nutrition, ethics, philosophy, fruitarian lifestyle, health, hygiene, fruitarian community, fruitarian friends and partners, fruitarian dating, fruitarian links collection, fruitarian feed, fruitarian twitter @fruitarians, frugivore, frugivorism, vegetarianism, vegetarian, veganism, vegan, raw food, mono-dieting, healthy weight loss, ideal body weight, fruitarian fitness, exercise, training, exercise, ecosystems, environmentalism, environment, ecology, green, orchards, trees, tree, orcharding, agronomy, organic agriculture, garden, gardening, permaculture, food supply, food pyramid, fruitarian tree mind map |
