High-Fat Meals May Be Protrombotic

All about fruitarianism with a long-term fruitarian, Lena

The high-fat meals (42% of energy from fat) caused, in contrast to the low-fat meals (6% of energy from fat), considerable increases in plasma triglycerides. The five different fat qualities - rapeseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, or butter - caused similar postprandial increases in plasma triglycerides. These findings indicate that high-fat meals may be prothrombotic, irrespective of their fatty acid composition.

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http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/17/11/2904.long

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Charles Darwin

There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher animals in their mental faculties . . . The lower animals, like man, manifestly feel pleasure and pain, happiness, and misery.

Green, Blue, Grey Water Footprints and Animal Agriculture

3 Water footprints:

Green water footprint is water from precipitation that is stored in the root zone of the soil and evaporated, transpired or incorporated by plants. It is particularly relevant for agricultural, horticultural and forestry products.

Blue water footprint is water that has been sourced from surface or groundwater resources and is either evaporated, incorporated into a product or taken from one body of water and returned to another, or returned at a different time.

Grey water footprint is the amount of fresh water required to assimilate pollutants to meet specific water quality standards. The grey water footprint considers point-source pollution discharged to a freshwater resource directly through a pipe or indirectly through runoff or leaching from the soil, impervious surfaces, or other diffuse sources.

Fruits and Legumes vs Meat Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint Comparison

Water footprint per ton (m3 / ton) and per unit of nutritional value for fruits, pulses (legumes like beans, peanuts) and bovine meat*:

Food	Green Water footprint per ton (m3 / ton)	Blue Water footprint per ton (m3 / ton)	Grey Water footprint per ton (m3 / ton)	Total Water	Calorie litre/kcal	Protein litre/g
Fruits	726	147	89	962	2.09	180
Legumes	3 180	141	734	4 055	1.19	19
Meat	14 414	550	451	15 415	10.19	112

* This table made by the author of the site Fruitarians.net (Lena), based on THE GREEN, BLUE AND GREY WATER FOOTPRINT OF FARM ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS, VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT, M.M. MEKONNEN, A.Y. HOEKSTRA, DECEMBER 2010, VALUE OF WATER RESEARCH REPORT SERIES NO. 48, the link to PDF is provided on the article page.

Study Conclusions

(UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, 2010)

As a general picture we find that animal products have a larger water footprint per ton of product than crop products.

... The global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 /ton) and vegetables (~300 m3 /ton) to pulses [legumes] (~4000 m3 /ton) and nuts (~9000 m3 /ton). For animal products, the water footprint increases from milk (~1000 m3 /ton) and egg (~3300 m3 /ton) to beef (~15400 m3 /ton).

Also when viewed from a caloric standpoint, the water footprint of animal products is larger than for crop products. The average water footprint per calorie for beef is twenty times larger than for cereals and starchy roots.

... The water footprint per gram of protein for milk, eggs and chicken meat is about 1.5 times larger than for pulses. For beef, the water footprint per gram of protein is 6 times larger than for pulses.

... The general conclusion is that from a freshwater resource perspective, it is more efficient to obtain calories, protein and fat through crop products than animal products.

... A vegetarian diet compared with the average current per capita food intake in the USA can reduce the water footprint of an individual by as much as 58%.

All Known Essential Minerals

Minerals (nutrients) are inorganic substances (contain no carbon) that are necessary for normal body function and development.

Macrominerals

Macro-minerals are needed in large doses (approximate recommended daily intake, milligrams (mg) per day ):

potassium, K (3500 mg) - metal, ions are necessary for the function of all living cells;
chloride, Cl− (3400 mg) - essential electrolyte in all body fluids;
sodium, Na, natrium (2400 mg) - metal, essential for all animals and some plants;
calcium, Ca (1000 mg) - metal, essential for living organisms, produced in supernova nucleosynthesis;
phosphorus, P (1000 mg) - in the form of the phosphate is required for all known forms of life;
choline (425 - 550 mg) - essential vitamin-like (vitamin B4) nutrient, synthesized in human body, but not sufficiently;
magnesium, Mg (350 mg) - metal, essential for all known living organisms;

Trace Minerals

Trace minerals are needed in very small amounts (recommended daily intake, milligrams (mg) or micrograms (mcg) per day:

iron, Fe (15 mg) - metal, found in nearly all living organisms;
zinc, Zn (8 - 11 mg) - metal, essential for humans and other organisms;
manganese, Mn (5 mg) - metal, toxic essential trace element;
fluorine, F, fluoride ion, F− (3 - 4 mg) - a beneficial poisonous element, essential for bone solidity;
copper, Cu (2 mg) - metal, essential to all living organisms;
iodine, I (150 mcg) - a key component of thyroid hormones;
selenium, Se (35 mcg) - toxic in large doses, essential micronutrient for animals;
chromium, Cr (30 mcg) - chromium (III) is questionably essential for humans.

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